F.A.R.M. Bibliography About Livestock Factories (U.S.)


1997 bibliography from Citizens for Responsible Practices: http://www.farmweb.org/icrpbib.htm
GRACE (Global Resource Action Center for the Environment) www.gracelinks.org
Press Release: Don't Blame Canada: Mad Cow Comes from Factory Farms

January 11, 2005. Best Solution is to Eat Beef from Traditional Family Farmers
[New York, NY] - After a second confirmed case of mad cow disease in Canada, American consumers worry that opening markets to Canadian beef may risk contaminating the U.S. food supply. The best solution for families concerned about mad cow disease is to buy meat from traditional family farmers who raise cows on natural feed.
http://www.farmweb.org/b/20050111_GraceMadCow.htm

EPA Rule for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Dec 16, 2002.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/afo/cafofinalrule.cfm

EPA Issues New Rules on Livestock Waste
Permits Required for Major Producers; Critics Say Regulation Favors Industry
Washington Post
Dec 17, 2002. Page A06. ...critics say the regulation originally drafted during the Clinton administration has been weakened, reducing by more than half the number of companies that must submit to regulations; giving livestock producers substantial authority to draft their own anti-pollution management plans; and relieving major corporations of financial liability for illegal spills by their growers or subcontractors. Critics also said the new rule is deficient because it doesn't require industry to adopt modern technology for combating pollution and because it doesn't require the monitoring of ground water to detect the effects of the waste runoff...
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A64119-2002Dec16.html

U.S. Sets New Farm-Animal Pollution Curbs
New York Times
Dec 16, 2002. ...This sharp division between agribusiness and environmentalists highlighted the complaint of several small family-farm groups and environmentalists that the new rule was an example of the Bush administration's favoring business over the public interest in issues of health and the environment. But unlike some of the high-profile issues, waste from confined animal feedlots has been literally hidden from view. The meat industry began building huge feedlots in isolated rural areas from North Carolina to California in the 1990's, capturing the waste of hogs and cattle in large manure lagoons and spraying them in nearby fields. The operations were not required to apply for permits or to follow procedures developed for disposing of most human waste, which includes breaking down waste matter and then chlorinating the waste before it is discharged back into rivers. More than 35,000 miles of rivers were polluted by the big feedlots in the past decade, according to the Environmental Protection Agency...
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/17/politics/17FARM.html

Bush administration issues rule for factory-style farm pollution
Associated Press/San Diego Union-Tribune
Dec 16, 2002. ...the rule leaves too much discretion to state governments -- allowing polluters to shift operations from states with tough laws to those that are lax on the environment...
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20021216-1535-epa-animalfarms.html

Down on the Factory
[6 part report on industrial livestock operations]
Dayton Daily News
Dec 1, 2002. For cheaper grocery prices, are we risking our health, the environment and squeezing out small farmers?...
http://www.activedayton.com/ddn/project/farm/

Three articles about antibiotic-resistance and the livestock industry
New England Journal of Medicine
October 18, 2001.

The Isolation of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella from Retail Ground Meats
D.G. White and Others. Resistant strains of salmonella are common in retail ground meats. These findings provide support for the adoption of guidelines for the prudent use of antibiotics in food animals and for a reduction in the number of pathogens present on farms and in slaughterhouses. National surveillance for antimicrobial-resistant salmonella should be extended to include retail meats.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/345/16/1147?query=TOC

Transient Intestinal Carriage after Ingestion of Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus faecium from Chicken and Pork
T.L. Sorensen and Others. The ingestion of resistant E. faecium of animal origin leads to detectable concentrations of the resistant strain in stools for up to 14 days after ingestion. The organisms survive gastric passage and multiply.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/345/16/1161?query=TOC

Quinupristin-Dalfopristin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium on Chicken and in Human Stool Specimens
L.C. McDonald and Others. ...the use of virginiamycin in animals has not yet had a substantial influence. Foodborne dissemination of resistance may increase, however, as the clinical use of quinupristin-dalfopristin increases.
http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/345/16/1155?query=TOC


For Big Hog Farms, Big Subsidies; Taxpayers May Foot the Bill for Environmental Cleanup
Washington Post
August 17, 2001. Page A01. Embraced by politicians and business leaders as an alternative to tobacco and all its uncertainties, large factory-style hog farms -- some housing 10,000 or more animals -- have brought jobs and wealth to depressed rural communities and generated fat profits for the handful of big companies that dominate the industry. But...the untreated waste that hog farmers store in open lagoons and spray onto their fields has sparked broad concern about potential threats to streams and drinking water. Now, with the Environmental Protection Agency contemplating new and potentially costly regulations governing livestock waste, lobbyists for the pork, cattle and poultry industries have proposed that taxpayers help foot the bill. And Congress, it seems, is poised to go along with the idea as it considers legislation that will chart a course for farm policy over 10 years. Already, the notion of using taxpayer dollars to help livestock producers pay for environmental damage caused by their operations is being labeled corporate welfare for the rich, and it echoes a larger debate over farm subsidies...
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21924-2001Aug16.html

State files more hog-waste spill notices; Missouri cites Premium Standard in the incidents
Kansas City Star (MO)
August 11, 2001. Page B3. After promising in 1999 to clean up its act, hog giant Premium Standard Farms has been hit with new violation notices for spilling hog wastes into north Missouri streams.The spills - seven of them in the last month - have killed fish and tainted nearby streams with thousands of gallons of the noxious wastes, according to the Missouri Department of Natural Resources... [free search; fee for full-text]
http://www.kcstar.com/newslibrary/

Emergency Regulations on Swine Facilities
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control
August 9, 2001. ...This emergency regulation is applicable to new and expanding swine facilities with 1,000,000 pounds or more of normal animal production live weight at any one time. 1,000,000 pounds of normal production is approximately 7,143 finishing swine...
http://www.scdhec.net/water/html/agemerg.html

Fire at Big Utah Hog Farm
Associated Press
July 30, 2001. CEDAR CITY, Utah -- A fire destroyed three buildings at a large hog farm, killing 12,000 pigs. Circle Four Farms spokesman Brian Mauldwin put the losses at approximately $3.3 million for the buildings and $1 million for lost livestock in the blaze Sunday. The farm is about 200 miles southwest of Salt Lake City...
http://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5553-2001Jul30.html

Also see:

Salt Lake Tribune, Aug 3
Farm Works Nonstop on Hog Burial http://www.sltrib.com/2001/Aug/08032001/utah/118958.htm


Hog-manure spill kills 33,000 fish in north Iowa
Des Moines Register
July 25, 2001. A hog-manure spill in Chickasaw County has killed nearly 33,000 fish along four miles of Simpson Creek south of Lawler. The 5,000-gallon spill, reported Monday, occurred at Donald Kurtenbach's 4,200-head wean-to-finish operation near Lawler when a pipe used to empty a manure-storage pit in a confinement building clogged over the weekend...
http://desmoinesregister.com/news/stories/c5903220/15398288.html

Point of View: Unproductive 'time-out' on hogs
Raleigh News and Observer
June 25, 2001. By TIM VALENTINE. NASHVILLE -- Four years ago, Save Our State called on North Carolina's policymakers to enact a moratorium on new hog operations. This moratorium -- unlike a ban -- was designed to be a time-out while state researchers explored, tested and implemented better waste treatment systems and policymakers devised a comprehensive strategy to regulate hog operations and clean up abandoned lagoons. Four years and a major hurricane later, the state has made little progress...
http://www.newsobserver.com/monday/news/editorials/Story/510421p-506933c.html

Scientists fear antibiotics fed to animals pollute streams
Iowa Farmer Today Online
March 29, 2001. DES MOINES, Iowa (AP) -- Scientists fear that antibiotics fed to livestock and applied to crop fields in manure are running off into streams and contributing to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Health officials worry that people will get sick when they drink or come into contact with untreated water or go fishing, canoeing or swimming... U.S. Geological Survey officials are planning to make a presentation in Ames on Thursday that will include information about test results that show antibiotics in livestock manure and in Iowa waterways. It could become a serious problem, said Richard Kelley, a water quality researcher at the Univrsity of Iowa's Hygienic Laboratory office in Des Moines...
http://www.iowafarmer.com/0103news/pollute.htm

Fed Lawsuit Filed Against Hog Corp.
Washington Post
March 1, 2001. KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- A coalition of groups opposed to corporate hog farms has filed federal and state lawsuits claiming Smithfield Foods Inc., the nation's largest hog producer, has broken criminal and civil laws by willfully ignoring environmental regulations...
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010301/aponline011315_000.htm

Also see:

Virginia Pilot
http://www.pilotonline.com/business/bz0301hogg.html

Raleigh News & Observer
http://www.newsobserver.com/ncwire/news/Story/315698p-312448c.html


Here's the beef
Factory-farming practices have been linked to human illnesses, but alternative sources for meat and poultry are rapidly shrinking. San Francisco Chronicle
January 7, 2001. Page 1. ...During the past two decades, poultry and livestock farming and processing in America have been transformed - many say for the worse - by the rise of meat-packing conglomerates and the factory-style farming they promote. Where meat and poultry once came from family farms, where livestock grazed on pastures supplemented with feed grains and were sold to independent packing houses, corporate concentration, draconian contracts and factory farming are now the order of the day...
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/01/07/SC124178.DTL

Sierra Club Calls New EPA Rules on Animal Factories a "Half-Step" Forward
December 15, 2000. The Sierra Club announced its reaction to the US Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA's) draft rules limiting animal factory pollution... While the Club acknowledged that the EPA has taken some positive steps, the Sierra Club stated that the draft rules do not adequately protect our waterways, health or rural communities from the millions of tons of animal waste that these factories produce.
http://LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG/SCRIPTS/WA.EXE?A2=ind0012&L=ce-scnews-releases&D=1&T=0&H=1&O=D&P=887

Proposed EPA (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation) CAFO Rule
http://www.epa.gov/OW-OWM.html/afos/rule.htm

EPA will take public comment for 120 days [from Dec 15, 2000] and will hold public meetings around the country on [the new CAFO] proposal. Additional information is available on EPA's Office of Water web site at: http://www.epa.gov/owm/afo.htm.

New Factory Farm Rules Praised, Criticized
Environmental News Service 12/18/2000
http://ens.lycos.com/ens/dec2000/2000L-12-18-15.html


New legal campaign against corporate hog factories
December 6, 2000. The Sierra Club announced today that it is joining Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., the Water Keeper Alliance and organizations representing family farmers in a national legal campaign against large polluting hog operations...
http://LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG/SCRIPTS/WA.EXE?A2=ind0012&L=ce-scnews-releases&D=1&T=0&H=1&O=D&P=78

Corporate Hog Farm Industry Hit With Legal Assault
Environment News Service 12/7/00
http://ens.lycos.com/ens/dec2000/2000L-12-07-15.html

Environmentalists put hog farms in crosshairs
Springfield [IL] State Journal Register 12/7/00
http://www.sj-r.com/news/00/12/07/k.htm


Council tells Seaboard it's not wanted
St. Joseph (MO) News-Press, http://www.stjoenews-press.com
August 22, 2000. The St. Joseph City Council formally told Seaboard Farms Inc. on Monday that its business is not welcome in the municipality -- or within a 100-mile radius. Anti-Seaboard forces had been badgering the council for a month to take an official stand against construction of a hog-slaughtering and pork-processing plant in the city...

Online St. Joseph News-Press news archive about Seaboard proposal:
http://12.14.200.4/seaboardcorp/


Md. Aims to Tighten Chicken Waste Rules
Washington Post, August 9, 2000. Maryland regulators are moving to force large poultry companies to take responsibility for the mountains of chicken manure their animals produce, shifting the burden away from the small contract farmers who raise the birds...
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57899-2000Aug8.html

Protestors urge new regulations on pollution
Montgomery (AL) Advertiser, August 6, 2000. About 30 demonstrators marched on the office of the Alabama Department of Environment Management on Saturday to urge the department to strengthen regulations dealing with pollution caused by mass-production animal farms...
http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/news/local/mont/080600_hogs.html

Nebraska hog impact study is under fire
www.rooster.com
Farm Progress, Tuesday, July 18, 2000. In March, the University of Nebraska released a study showing that rapidly expanding, large-scale hog operations can have both positive and negative effects on counties, which essentially makes their overall impact somewhat neutral. Two months later at a Lincoln press conference, 12 Nebraska organizations, led by the Farmers Union and Center for Rural Affairs, bashed the study's findings and methodology. The study is flawed, they added, and should not be used for public policy debate...
http://www.rooster.com/news/detail.asp?tid=4&NewsBy=Topic&id=1003&Title=Nebraska+Hog+Impact+Study+is+Under+Fire

Editorial: The farm aid fake
Wasington Post, May 30, 2000. The Freedom to Farm Act that Congress passed in 1996 has been a failure, but the sponsors won't admit it...
http://washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/print/asection/editorials/A28076-2000May29.html?
GXHC_gx_session_id_FutureTenseContentServer=58976a3cbdc4e1a7

Environmentalists unhappy with new runoff rules
Restrictions on farms denounced as too lax
Baltimore Sun, May 28, 2000. WASHINGTON - The government's new policy to shield American waterways from pollutants generated by livestock farms is drawing scorn from environmental groups - even before it has been announced...
http://www.sunspot.net/content/cover/story?section=cover&pagename=story&storyid=1150340218634

EPA steps up pressure on large hog operation
St. Louis Post-Dispatch http://www.postnet.com
April 29, 2000. Page A1. JEFFERSON CITY - The Environmental Protection Agency has taken what could be precedent-setting legal action against Premium Standard Farms of Northern Missouri. The EPA asked a federal judge this week to allow it to expand its claims against the nation's second largest pork producer. The agency already has joined a lawsuit filed in 1997 by the company's neighbors over repeated violations of the Clean Water and Clean Air acts. The agency cited continued hog waste spills, the company's failure to get proper permits, permit violations, failure to report spills and other concerns. The amended complaint also cited environmental problems at the company's pork processing plant in Milan, Mo...

2,850-cow farm rejected, backers look elsewhere
pioneerplanet.com
April 28, 2000. EDGERTON, WIS (AP) -- Opponents of large-scale dairy farms have won a fight to keep a proposed $10 million, 2,850-cow dairy farm out of Edgerton...
http://www.pioneerplanet.com/search?NS-search-page=document&NS-rel-doc-name=/seven-days/5/news/docs/002530.htm&NS-query=holsum&
NS-search-type=NS-boolean-query&NS-collection=Seven%20Day%20Archive&NS-docs-matched=1&NS-doc-number=1

Michigan odor guidelines stink - send comments
May 2 Lansing meeting; public comments thru May 10
April 14, 2000. The Michigan Land Use Institute urges you to write the Michigan Commission of Agriculture and your legislators about these guidelines and/or attend a May 2 public meeting in Lansing...
http://www.mlui.org/projects/propertyrights/livestockfactories/liveintro.html

Written comments should be directed to:
Dave Charney, Commission Liaison
Michigan Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 30017
Lansing, Michigan 48909
E-mail: charneyd@state.mi.us

For a copy of the draft guidelines:
http://www.mda.state.mi.us/right2farm/SiteSelection/


FEDERAL COURT ISSUES LANDMARK CLEAN WATER DECISION
Ruling upholds EPA's authority to identify waters polluted by runoff
April 5, 2000. WASHINGTON -- For the first time, a federal judge has upheld the EPA's longstanding interpretation and practice that the EPA and states have the authority to identify which U.S. waterways are polluted by runoff from urban areas, agriculture and timber harvesting -- "nonpoint sources" of pollution - and to identify the maximum amount of pollutants that may enter these waterways...
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/pronsdecision.html

Full-text of ruling: http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/lawsuit.html


Milan, Mo., has welcomed a meatpacking plant and all its daunting problems
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
April 2, 2000. ...The community is coping with a housing shortage, crowded schools and unpaid bills at the county hospital. Beneath these more tangible problems is a clash between two cultures -- one white, the other Hispanic -- with a wall of language in between...
http://www.postnet.com/postnet/stories.nsf/ByDocID/F280579BFF5260FC862568B500361C07?OpenDocument

Also see: 1997/02/03: The Nation Magazine - The Heartland's Raw Deal
http://www.thenation.com/issue/970203/0203coop.htm


Waste spills land company in court time and again
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
April 2, 2000. ...Premium Standard is the second-largest pork producer in the nation... The company has also had scores of hog waste spills, attracting suits and fines like flies. Now supporters and detractors are paying close attention to a federal suit that some say could change how "factory farms" operate...
http://www.postnet.com/postnet/stories.nsf/ByDocID/BCCEEBCBBAF4BDED862568B50037899D?OpenDocument

Fate of proposed dairy farms could set precedent in state
Oregon Live http://www.oregonlive.com
April 1, 2000. KENNEWICK, Wash. (AP) -- Proposals for two new dairies north of the Tri-Cities and another east of Yakima are raising questions about the industry's future at a time of increased environmental scrutiny...[One] dairy would have about 4,400 cows, adding to the 67,000 already in the county. Two other dairies are proposed in Franklin County, which now has about 7,500 dairy cows on 13 farms...
http://flash.oregonlive.com/cgi-bin/or_nview.pl?/home1/wire/AP/Stream-Parsed/OREGON_NEWS/o1565_AM_WA-AGR--DairyControve

Also see:

Crowd Raises Stink About Dairy
Yakima Herald-Republic, Friday, March 31, 2000
...About 150 people crammed the meeting room at Moxee City Hall while the hopeful owners of the new dairy...introduced themselves to their future neighbors...
http://www.yakima-herald.com/cgi-bin/liveique.acgi$rec=11515?home

The Yakima: A River Wasted - A special report by the Tri-City Herald
This report on the Yakima River began in November [1999] as an investigation of charges that Lower Valley dairy farmers were polluting the river with cow manure. It soon became clear dairy farms weren't the only ones soiling the river. And it became clear several people and agencies across the state have been seeking solutions for years.
http://www.tri-cityherald.com/yakima/

Pollution widespread and far reaching http://www.tri-cityherald.com/yakima/day1/story3.html


Study tries to alter hog myths
The Associated Press
March 31, 2000. ...Results of the six-state study by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln dispels beliefs that large hog farms hamper retail sales, lower incomes, increase poverty and drive some hog producers out of business... "It's a mixed picture," said John Allen, a sociologist with the NU Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources who supervised the study...
http://www.omaha.com/Omaha/OWH/StoryViewer/1,3153,323548,00.html

Pipestone farm system in hog limbo
Minneapolis (MN) Star Tribune
March 26, 2000. ...the Pipestone pork system...is one of the biggest hog producers in the country... FBI agents have been gathering information about how some companies allegedly involved with the system obtained and used loans, including a $1 million federally guaranteed loan...
http://www.startribune.com/stOnLine/cgi-bin/article?thisSlug=PIPE26&date=26-Mar-2000&word=pipestone

Renville County's odor ordinance causes stink
Minneapolis (MN) Star Tribune
March 25, 2000. ...county commissioners are pushing to enact the first odor nuisance ordinance in the state...the foulest odors are emanating from big farming cooperatives formed to ensure the survival of small farmers... What's happening in the county is a microcosm of how agriculture is changing nationally. Big farming is being embraced as the wave of the future. With that has come big, new odor problems...
http://www.startribune.com/stOnLine/cgi-bin/article?thisSlug=ODOR25

Rally for Rural America
March 20-21, 2000. Groups representing rural citizens from across the nation will join forces for a series of events at our nation's capital...to make a wake-up call to Congress and the Administration about the perilous state of the rural economy, and to advocate for policy changes that benefit farmers, ranchers, and rural communities...
http://www.rallyforruralamerica.org

U.S.-certified organic cropland more than doubled during the 1990's...
Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
March 20, 2000. ...and two organic livestock sectors--eggs and dairy--grew even faster, according to a new study by USDA's Economic Research Service. U.S. producers are turning to organic farming systems as a way potentially to lower input costs, decrease reliance on nonrenewable resources, capture high-value markets and premium prices, and boost farm income. Markets for organic vegetables, fruits, and herbs have been developing for decades in the U.S., and organic grain and livestock markets are beginning to emerge. Under USDA's new proposal for regulating organic production and handling in the U.S., announced March 7, 2000, purchasers of organic foods would be able to rely on uniform and consistent national standards for defining the term "organic." Catherine Greene (202) 694-5541; cgreene@ers.usda.gov
http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/erssor/economics/ao-bb/2000/ao270s.asc

Full-text: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/erssor/economics/ao-bb/2000/


Hidden costs of animal factories
Rachel's Environment & Health Weekly #690
March 9, 2000. As the U.S. discards its family farms and in their place erects factory farms, we might consider the costs. Here we will consider only one cost: the harm to human health from increased use of antibiotics in confined livestock operations, sometimes known as animal factories...
http://www.rachel.org/bulletin/bulletin.cfm?Issue_ID=1724

Also see:
01/16/2000: Study links drug resistance to swine
11/04/1999: An outbreak of multidrug-resistant salmonella
07/09/1998: NRC Report - Antibiotic Use in Food Animals Contributes to Microbe Resistance
03/08/1999: F.D.A. revising guidelines on antibiotics for animals
Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance Network http://www.healthsci.tufts.edu/apua/roarhome.htm


Norwalk-Like Calicivirus Genes in Farm Animals
CDC Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Vol. 6, No. 1, JanFeb 2000. Wim H.M. van der Poel et al. Viruses closely related to Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) were recently found in stored stool samples from two calves (United Kingdom and Germany) and four pigs (Japan), sparking discussions about the potential for zoonotic transmission... While zoonotic transmission has not been proven, these findings suggest that calves and pigs may be reservoir hosts of NLVs...
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no1/van_der_poel.htm

Campylobacter spp. of Human and Animal Origin
CDC Journal: Emerging Infectious Diseases
Vol. 6, No. 1, JanFeb 2000. Brigid Lucey et al. Resistance to antimicrobial agents used to treat severe Campylobacter spp. gastroenteritis is increasing worldwide... Poultry have been implicated as a major source of sporadic infection...
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no1/lucey.htm

Impacts of Industrial Animal Production on Rivers and Estuaries
Animal-waste lagoons and sprayfields near aquatic environments may significantly degrade water quality and endanger health
January-February 2000. Pages 26-37. AMERICAN SCIENTIST Magazine -- By Michael A. Mallin. Abstract: The fouling of North Carolina's coastal waters by animal waste in the wake of Hurricane Floyd is the latest, and perhaps the most dramatic, chapter in a controversy over the environmental impact of factory-style swine and poultry operations, which have been expanding in coastal watersheds during the 1990s. Michael Mallin has been monitoring the often severe impacts of waste spills and everyday operations on marine life in the Cape Fear estuarine system since 1995. His data now cover three hurricane events (including Floyd) and suggest that the animal operations allowed under current state and federal regulations in the eastern and midwestern U.S. pose serious risks for water quality, safety and marine ecology.
http://www.amsci.org/amsci/articles/00articles/mallin.html

Hog plant possibility for city
St. Joseph (MO) News-Press
February 26, 2000. St. Joseph was once a meat-packing town. If local business leaders have their way, it will be again. Kansas-based Seaboard Farms Inc. is considering building a 2,400-employee hog-processing plant in St. Joseph, according to documents obtained by the St. Joseph News-Press. The jobs at the $125 million facility would pay $9 an hour to start, rising to $12 an hour...
http://www.stjoenews-press.com/main.asp?SiteSearch=1&TypeID=1&ArticleID=2006&SectionID=81&SubSectionID=272&S=0

Also see:
Time Magazine special report on corporate welfare: The Empire Of The Pigs

Sierra Club to sue hog producer Seaboard Farms in Oklahoma


Dates confirmed for farm policy field hearings
February 24, 2000. Washington, D.C. -- U.S. House Agriculture Committee Chairman Larry Combest (R-Texas) and Ranking Minority Member Charlie Stenholm (D-Texas) today announced the final schedule of farm policy field hearings in 10 cities...from March through May, encouraging producers to submit detailed proposals for agricultural policy.
http://agriculture.house.gov/farmpol.htm or http://agriculture.house.gov

State Health Department acknowledges health risks of feedlots
Star Tribune, Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN
February 20, 2000. In a major victory for critics of large hog feedlots, the Minnesota Department of Health has determined that toxic gas emanating from the manure lagoon of one of the state's largest operations poses a potential health threat...
http://www.startribune.com/stOnLine/cgi-bin/article?thisSlug=VAL20&date=20-Feb-2000

Also see: UNC Study;
Illinois sues hog lot for alleged odor violations


Ag Department may get feedlot regulation power
Star Tribune, Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN
February 20, 2000. ...The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), which proposed substantial changes to the state's 20-year-old feedlot rules, may soon turn over enforcement and inspection of most dairy feedlots to the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, which some view as friendlier to farmers' interests. Some environmentalists are wary of the shift in power, because they worry it could jeopardize the state's water quality....
http://www.startribune.com/stOnLine/cgi-bin/article?thisSlug=FEED20&date=20-Feb-2000

Also see: Illinois regulation of feedlots by Dept. of Ag. not working
http://www.farmweb.org/pjsepa1.htm


Governor signs emergency animal feeding regulation
February 14, 2000. FRANKFORT, KY -- Gov. Paul Patton has signed an emergency regulation creating siting requirements and integrator liability for confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) in Kentucky... The regulation takes effect immediately and applies to swine, poultry, beef and dairy operations in Kentucky that confine more than 1,000 animal units.... The emergency regulation contains siting requirements for barns, waste lagoons and application areas for animal waste. Also in the regulation is a requirement that integrators be held jointly liable with the farmer for any environmental violation that occurs as a result of the animal feeding operation. An integrator is an entity that owns the animals, or directs the manner in which the animals are housed or fed, or controls the input or other material aspects of the operation...
http://www.nr.state.ky.us/nrepc/presscafo.htm

Full-text of KRS 224.10-100
http://www.lrc.state.ky.us/kar/401/005/072E.htm


Letter to EPA re: CAFO NPDES permits
Southern Environmental Law Center & Natural Resources Defense Council
February 11, 2000. We are writing to inquire into the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) authority to delegate standard-setting authority for NPDES permits for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations ("CAFOs") to the U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA")...
http://www.farmweb.org/b/20000211_nrdc_selc.htm

Small farmers upheld
[Bill would give small farmers more clout]
February 9, 2000. TulsaWorld.com. OKLAHOMA CITY -- Sen. Paul Muegge said Tuesday that he is trying to level the playing field between small agricultural producers and the corporate farming giants that contract for their products. Critics of the system have charged that small producers are virtual captives of major corporations such as Seaboard and Tyson, who can dictate the terms of contracts. Senate Bill 1075, the Agriculture Production Fair Practices Act written by Muegge, would give producers more clout in their dealings with corporate farming operations...
http://www.tulsaworld.com/Default.asp?WCI=Displaystory&ID=000208_Ne_a13small

Hog hell in North Carolina
February 9, 2000. Environmental News Service. Industrial hog farms affect the health and quality of life of people living near them, a new study suggests. The finding provides more ammunition to opponents of large scale hog farms, which are already implicated in water pollution, algae blooms and fish die offs, and to environmental justice activists...
http://ens.lycos.com/ens/feb2000/2000L-02-09-06.html

Environ Health Perspect 108:225-231 (2000). http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/108p225-231wing/abstract.html


Study shows industrial hog operations appear to impair health, life quality among neighbors
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
February 8, 2000. Detailed surveys of people living in three rural North Carolina communities suggest industrial hog farms both reduce the quality of life for people living near them and adversely affect their health, a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill study concludes.

Funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences' Environmental Justice program, researchers completed 155 interviews with people living near a 6,000-head hog operation, two adjacent cattle farms and, as a control, a farm area without large livestock operations.

"In particular, headache, runny nose, sore throat, excessive coughing, diarrhea and burning eyes were reported more frequently in the hog community," said Dr. Steven Wing, associate professor of epidemiology at the UNC-CH School of Public Health.

"Quality of life, as indicated by the number of times residents could not open their windows or go outside even in nice weather, was similar in the control and the community in the vicinity of the cattle operation but greatly reduced among residents near the hog operation."

Two papers Wing and colleagues wrote on their research appear in the March issue of Environmental Health Perspectives, a scientific journal. The N.C. Department of Health and Human Services, which also supported the studies, released preliminary findings last year, but researchers have added further analyses. Others involved include research associate Susanne Wolf and graduate research assistant Dana Cole, both at UNC-CH, and Gary Grant, director of Concerned Citizens of Tillery, a community group....

"Dr. Wing's research on how hog operations are affecting the health of our communities in eastern North Carolina contributes greatly to our understanding of how large animal operations impact our environment and public health," said Irene McFarland, staff attorney for the North Carolina Public Interest Research Group.

"While those living near hog operations have long known that their health was being impacted, until Dr. Wing's study, the affected communities lacked the documentation to prove the extent to which their health has been jeopardized," McFarland said.

"Now that we have data establishing the scope of the harms communities are experiencing we need to take action by enacting stronger laws to protect our health and the environment from agricultural pollution."...

Note: Wing can be reached at (919) 966-7416. Contacts: David Williamson, 962-8596, or Dennis Baker at 962-0352.

http://www.sph.unc.edu/admin/external_affairs/news/020800hogfarms.htm

Environ Health Perspect 108:225-231 (2000). http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/108p225-231wing/abstract.html

Also see:
The ERP NC Hog Site
http://checc.sph.unc.edu/rooms/library/hogpage/hogsite.htm

The Public Health Issues of North Carolina's Hog Industry
http://checc.sph.unc.edu/rooms/library/hogpage/Hogmainpage.htm


Ohio under gun to regulate farms
The U.S. EPA might pull federal funding unless the state monitors waste from large facilities better
February 8, 2000. Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch. The U.S. EPA is putting pressure on Ohio to beef up environmental control over its largest livestock farms. The Environmental Protection Agency says Ohio is violating state laws and the federal Clean Water Act by refusing to use a federal permit system to control manure from so-called factory farms. If state regulators won't adopt the more stringent federal requirements, the agency might withhold hundreds of thousands of dollars in federal grants, according to recent letters between federal and state officials...
http://libpub.dispatch.com/cgi-bin/slwebcli.pl?DBLIST=cd00&DOCNUM=3186

Mississippi environmentalists push hog farm suit
February 3, 2000. JACKSON, Miss. (Reuters) - A group of Mississippi environmentalists and farmers vowed on Thursday to push ahead with a $75 million lawsuit against hog producers for allegedly releasing pollutants that have made dozens of people sick. The class action suit, filed last month against North Carolina-based Prestage Farms and several subcontractors, would compensate 160 families who live near hog farms, processing plants and meat packers in Chicksaw and Clay counties...
http://dailynews.yahoo.com/h/nm/20000203/sc/environment_hogs_1.html

Have hogs caused Milford maladies?
Salt Lake Tribune
January 26, 2000. The incidence of certain illnesses in Milford was 20 times higher than the state average in 1997, according to a new study by the Utah Department of Health. The report by the state's Bureau of Epidemiology [http://hlunix.hl.state.ut.us/els] also found that between 1992 and 1998, Milford generally had higher rates of diarrhea-causing and respiratory illnesses than Utah in general and two similar-size communities: Parowan and Panguitch...the rate of respiratory illness in Milford was seven times higher than the state average...
http://www.sltrib.com/2000/jan/01262000/utah/20726.htm

Also see: Desert News: Is hog farm to blame for Milford ills?
http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,150009847,00.html


Iowa sues to block Smithfield acquisition of Murphy
January 24, 2000. Iowa Attorney General Tom Miller filed suit today to block Smithfield Foods Inc. - the world's largest pork processor -- from acquiring the Iowa pork-production assets of Murphy Farms Inc. "We allege the acquisition would violate Iowa's Corporate Farming law, which prohibits any pork or beef processor from owning, controlling, or operating a feedlot in Iowa," Miller said...
http://www.state.ia.us/government/ag/smithfield.htm

Also see: Jan 29: Smithfield completes Murphy Farms deal


Study links drug resistance to swine
The News-Gazette (Champaign IL) http://www.news-gazette.com
January 16, 2000. URBANA -- New evidence from Europe should serve as a wake-up call to U.S. livestock farmers who routinely feed antibiotics to their animals. "It's a smoking gun," said Bryan White, a University of Illinois animal scientist, of a recent study in Denmark that traces multidrug resistance in humans infected with salmonella to two swine herds. The study, published in November in the New England Journal of Medicine, soundly establishes that link for the first time although other flawed studies have attempted to do the same thing, White said...
http://www.news-gazette.com/story.cfm?Number=6441

Also see: November 1999 New England Journal of Medicine
http://www.farmweb.org/biblio_us.htm#19991104_nejm


The New Culture of Rural America
The American Prospect vol. 11 no. 3
December 20, 1999. ...In the past 10 years...farming has entered a dramatic new restructuring. The farmer is an anomalous link in a food-production chain that, on both sides of him, involves some of the world's most powerful and concentrated industries. ...corporate strategists have been content to leave the risk with farmers and let a sympathetic Congress provide bailouts when disaster strikes. Now this is changing. The change began in poultry farming, long a part of family farm operations. In the 1960s, meat- processing companies began contracting with farmers to raise chickens in large metal barns, becoming an integrated step in a single production chain. The chickens were delivered to the farmer as chicks and were retrieved as broilers; they never left the company's ownership. By 1980, except for a few specialty products, there was no place for independent chicken farmers to sell their birds. The poultry industry has become notorious for the low pay and dangerous work conditions of the employees who manhandle the birds, and for stream-killing pollution. In the early 1990s, new technology made the same kind of confinement possible for hogs... The elaborate and expensive price controls that ended in 1996 were never intended to stop the trend toward consolidation... A more serious approach to agricultural policy would begin with the environmental effects of today's agriculture...If stricter rules required agriculture to pay its own way by preventing erosion and controlling pollution, the industry would be both less destructive and somewhat less inclined to corporate concentration...
http://www.prospect.org/archives/V11-3/purdy.html

Comments due March 7, 2000 for USDA NRCS feedlot nutrient management plans
[COMMENT PERIOD EXTENDED UNTIL APRIL 14]
December 9, 1999. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is seeking comments on the draft Technincal Guidance for Developing Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans (CNMPs). USDA is asking for comments from individuals, the livestock industry, private consultants, State, Tribal, and local governments or subgroups thereof, universities, colleges, environmental groups, and other organizations. These comments will assist USDA in the development and implementation of the final Technical Guidance for Developing Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plans. This guidance document is intended for use for Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and conservation partner State and local field staffs, private consultants, landowners/operators, and others that either will be developing or assisting in the development of CNMPs.

DATES: Comments will be received for a 90-day comment period commencing December 9, 1999.

ADDRESSES: Address all requests and comments to: Francine A. Gordon, Management Assistant, Natural Resources Conservation Service, ATTN: CNMP, 5601 Sunnyside Avenue, Stop Code 5473, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Obie Ashford, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 301-504-2197; fax 301-504-2264, e-mail obie.ashford@usda.gov

(Text) http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=99-31872-filed
(PDF) http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=99-31872-filed.pdf


An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant, Quinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium DT104
New England Journal of Medicine
November 4, 1999. Vol. 341, No. 19. Conclusions. Our investigation of an outbreak of DT104 documented the spread of quinolone-resistant bacteria from food animals to humans; this spread was associated with infections that were difficult to treat. Because of the increase in quinolone resistance in salmonella, the use of fluoroquinolones [a class of antibiotics] in food animals should be restricted. (N Engl J Med 1999;341:1420-5.)
http://www.nejm.org/content/1999/0341/0019/1420.asp

Bringing home the bacon?
The myth of the role of corporate hog production in rural revitalization
October 14, 1999. Kerr Center Report -- How much public money does it take to recruit a large hog production and processing corporation to a small town?...And what are the costs and benefits to rural communities?...
http://www.kerrcenter.com/pub.htm

Justice urged to 'closely scrutinize' pork merger
September 30, 1999. WASHINGTON (AP) -- Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman urged the Justice Department to 'closely scrutinize' a $290 million merger between two giants of the nation's hog industry. Smithfield Foods Inc. of Smithfield, Va., the biggest pork processor as well as the largest hog producer, agreed earlier this month to acquire No. 2 producer Murphy Family Farms of Rose Hill, N.C...

United States Environmental Protection Agency

August 6, 1999: EPA's farm runoff guidelines attacked

March 8, 1999: Sierra Club press release: Clinton proposal "a mixed bag" http://LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG/SCRIPTS/WA.EXE?A2=ind9903b&L=ce-scnews-releases&F=&S=&P=83
Contact: Kathryn Hohmann, 202-675-7916.
WASHINGTON -- The Sierra Club today welcomed parts of the Clinton Administration's plan to curb water pollution from Confined Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs), but expressed disappointment that the proposal doesn't go farther to clean up the industry's practices. The group applauded the Administration's proposal to hold corporate animal owners -- not just the farmers contracted to raise the pigs -- responsible for waste spills and other pollution...

March 9, 1999: Final USDA/EPA AFO Strategy http://www.epa.gov/owm/finafost.htm

September 1998 EPA/USDA draft proposal

EPA PLAN FOR LARGE 'FACTORY FARMS' CALLED INADEQUATE

http://www.edf.org/pubs/NewsReleases/1998/Mar/c_feedlotregs.html
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's plan to control water pollution from industrial-sized hog, poultry and other livestock feeding operations fails to address environmental and public health threats, EDF and the Southern Environmental Law Center charge.

March 5, 1998: Draft Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations

EPA has released for public comment a draft strategy to minimize the public health and environmental impacts from animal feeding operations. According to the EPA press release of 3/5/98, the draft strategy is the Agency's first action under the Clinton Administration's new Clean Water Action Plan to finish the job of cleaning up the nation's rivers, lakes and streams. A copy of the draft strategy is available on the EPA web site at: http://www.epa.gov/owm/afo.htm . A copy of the Compliance Assurance Implementation Plan is available on the EPA web site at http://es.epa.gov/oeca/strategy.html



National Survey of State CAFO Policies
Preliminary results from the National Survey of State Animal Confinement Policies
July 2, 1999. The National Survey is a project that was organized under the auspices of the National Policy Education Committee and was financially supported by the Farm Foundation, USDA-CSREES, Land Grant University Extension Services in several states...
http://cherokee.agecon.clemson.edu/confine.htm

PBS Bill Moyers Special: Free Speech For Sale
(Check with your local PBS station for date & time. http://www.pbs.org/stations/)
June 8, 1999. Bill Moyers' investigation into money and politics reveals the painful truth that free speech, and the certainty that one will be heard, is guaranteed only to those who can afford it. And corporations can afford it. Whether through purchasing massive amounts of advertising for political purposes, or by owning the companies that bring people the news, powerful corporations are able to drown out the voices that disagree with them - and it's all perfectly legal...Last year, the tobacco industry plowed $40 million into an advertising campaign designed to defeat the McCain Tobacco Bill...A similar fate awaited a politician in North Carolina who crossed the powerful hog industry. The industry targeted freshman state legislator Cindy Watson, a conservative Republican who had helped to curb the rapid growth of the hog industry so that environmental concerns about hog-waste disposal could be addressed. When Watson was up for re-election, the hog industry, under the guise of a group called "Farmers for Fairness," launched a huge advertising campaign against her. She didn't have the money to answer...

http://www.pbs.org/whatson/1999/06/descriptions/BMFS.html



April 1999:
American Planning Association Book by Jim Schwab, AICP

Planning and Zoning for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
http://www.planning.org/bookstore/Description.asp?Index=P482
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) have generated more land-use controversy than most rural areas have seen in decades. They often locate in communities that lack the planning and zoning tools to deal with their impacts. Matters are often complicated by state laws limiting local zoning authority over agriculture. This report examines the regulatory options open to rural communities, the practical challenges of acquiring needed expertise to evaluate proposed uses, and the environmental and social impacts that can be expected from this industry. It offers regulatory alternatives for local communities based on the realities of their own legal and enforcement capacities.

To order ($32.00): Planners Book Service, 122 S. Michigan Ave., Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60603, 312-786-6344; 312-431-9985 (fax); Bookservice@planning.org


Public attitude toward animal factories
Summary of nationwide survey of 1,000 registered voters about factory farms
March 23-25, 1999. Poll conducted by Lake Snell Perry and Associates. Eight out of ten voters favor creating tougher, uniform standards to limit the air and water pollution from factory farms.....
http://www.afore.org/lakepoll/poll.htm
http://www.hsus.org/programs/farm/factory_poll.html

Report: Benefits of Biodiversity
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology
February 26, 1999. Scientists offer 27 recommendations for preserving the full range of biological diversity and state that stewardship of biodiversity is an unavoidable permanent obligation of modern society...Productive and efficient agriculture, which is the foundation of modern successful societies, has depended on biological diversity...
http://www.cast-science.org/biod/biod_nr.htm

The Importance of Agriculture
...The great abundance of a few crop and animal species...makes these crops and livestock highly susceptible to diseases and pests. One of the best-established principles of disease dynamics is that pathogens spread more easily, and epidemics are more severe, when the hosts are more uniform and abundant.
http://www.cast-science.org/biod/biod_ch.htm


Court lets Iowa farm case stand
February 22, 1999. By RICHARD CARELLI. WASHINGTON (AP) - The Supreme Court today let stand a ruling it was told casts doubt on all 50 states' efforts to protect farmers from being sued by their neighbors under public-nuisance laws. The justices, without comment, refused to review a decision by Iowa's highest court that struck down the state's "right to farm" law, similar to laws enacted in every other state...

http://dailynews.yahoo.com/headlines/ap/washington/story.html?s=v/ap/19990222/pl/court_farms_1.html

Also see: Sept 23, 1998 Iowa Supreme Court Ruling No. 192 / 96-2276


February 22, 1999 -- Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman...
...on the State of American Agriculture
Delivered at the 75th Annual Agricultural Outlook Forum, Arlington, VA
http://www.usda.gov/news/releases/1999/02/0065


January 26, 1999 -- Senate Agriculture Committee
A hearing to examine economic concentration in agribusiness.
The pork industry was a major focus of the hearing.
http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/hr99126.htm


December 3, 1998:
AMERICA'S ANIMAL FACTORIES: How States Fail
To Prevent Pollution from Livestock Waste

http://www.nrdc.org/nrdcpro/factor/aafinx.html
http://www.farmweb.org/b/19981203_cwn_nrdc.htm


September 12, 1998:
Europe's third major swine disease outbreak since 1990

New Scientist: This little piggy fell ill...

http://www.newscientist.com/ns/980912/nfocus.html


July 9, 1998:
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals Contributes to Microbe Resistance

Report from The National Research Council

http://books.nap.edu/books/0309054346/html/

Online Report: The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks
http://bob.nap.edu/html/foodanim/


May 7, 1998:
Overuse of antibiotics in farm animals is causing the spread of drug-resistant salmonella

The New England Journal of Medicine -- Volume 338, Number 19
http://www.nejm.org/content/1998/0338/0019/1333.asp


April 13, 1998:
MISSISSIPPI LOCAL CONTROL & HOG FACTORY 2-YEAR MORATORIUM

FULL-TEXT OF MISSISSIPPI SENATE BILL 2895
ftp://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/1998/SB/2800-2899/SB2895SG.htm


A Spring 1998 study by the Yale Environmental Protection Clinic:
Controlling Odor and Gaseous Emission Problems from Industrial Swine Facilities:
A Handbook for All Interested Parties

http://kerrcenter.com/resources.htm#Yale Environmental

Download the complete study (PDF file) at http://kerrcenter.com/YOSpg1.htm


March 9, 1998: OKLAHOMA HOG FACTORY MORATORIUM
http://www.state.ok.us/~governor/nr_moratorium_sign_3998.htm
Governor Frank Keating signs HJR 1039, a temporary one year moratorium on new large hog farm operations in Oklahoma.


Animal Waste Pollution In America 
A December 1997 U.S. Senate Study
http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/animalw.htm

Pollution Potential of Livestock Manure
http://www.bae.umn.edu/extens/ennotes/enwin95/manure.html

Humboldt County Ordinances
http://www.farmweb.org/humboldt.htm



WILL Radio AM 580 - Urbana, IL - webcasting archive
http://www.will.uiuc.edu/WILL/ag/agpage.html

John Ikerd calling for a revolution in agriculture (Originally aired October 28-29, 1999)
http://www.will.uiuc.edu/WILL/ag/ag-features.html#ikerd

The nature and structure of American agriculture is rapidly changing. And, University of Missouri agricultural economist John Ikerd feels it's moving in the wrong direction; and, he says there needs to be a revolution. AM 580's Charles Lindy spoke with Ikerd at the recent National Small Farm Conference held in St. Louis.

Click here to listen to the first part of the interview (8 min. 10 sec.)
http://www.will.uiuc.edu/WILL/ag/ag-smallfarm4.ram

A University of Missouri agricultural economist feels a revolution is needed to halt the trend toward larger, more corporate-owned agriculture. John Ikerd believes the issue is not only one of farmers' economic survival - but, one of environmental sustainability and social responsibility. Even so, American consumers do not appear to be too upset about this trend..

Click here to listen to the first part of the interview (4 min. 48 sec.)
http://www.will.uiuc.edu/WILL/ag/ag-smallfarm5.ram

Also see: Recent Papers by John Ikerd
http://ssu.agri.missouri.edu/Faculty/JIkerd/papers/default.htm

 
National Small Farm Conference (Originally aired October 25, 1999)
http://www.will.uiuc.edu/WILL/ag/ag-features.html#nsfc
As you Drive along a country road you may pass through a small town; or what was once a small town. you pass empty storefronts and abandoned buildings that were once the hub of activity for surrounding farmers. You might see a diner or a grain elevator where smaller-scale farmers who didn't go out of business in the agricultural depressioin of the mid-'80's gather to discuss the current low commodity prices.

They might be talking about the mergers of major agricultural companies and large-scale farms, and whether they will be able to commpete. They might be wondering how to survive the current depression; or, whether - even with an 8.7 billion dollar bailout - the government really cares about them.

AM 580's Charles Lindy says hundreds of people attending a recent National Small Farm Conference in St. Louis are asking the same questions..

Click here to listen to the feature (4 min. 11 sec.)
http://www.will.uiuc.edu/WILL/ag/ag-smallfarm1.ram


New York Times
http://www.nytimes.com

Growth of Factory-Like Hog Farms Divides Rural Areas of the Midwest
Wednesday, June 24, 1998. ...The rapid growth of big hog factories, which are more akin to the corporate efficiency of General Motors than the bibbed-overall ethos of American Gothic, has emerged as perhaps the most contentious issue in the nation's farm country. While some big-scale corporate hog farming has existed for years, it is now starting to dominate this sector of agriculture, with companies increasingly owning the hog plants, the slaughterhouses and the distribution centers...

Editorial: The Battle Over Hog Factories
Wednesday, July 8, 1998. ...The battle over hog factories is really a battle over the definition of farming and the legal consequences that follow from that definition. Large-scale pork producers have always sited their facilities where zoning is nonexistent or could be weakened. But farmers, by any reasonable definition of the word, have nothing in common with large-scale pork producers, except when they enter corporate servitude and agree to raise hogs on contract. Consumers are slowly learning that they have nothing to gain from factory hog production either, except cheap pork chops, which by any realistic measure of environmental or social value are far more costly than they seem.

F.D.A. revising guidelines on antibiotics for animals
March 8, 1999. By DENISE GRADY. Faced with mounting evidence that the routine use of antibiotics in livestock may diminish the drugs' power to cure infections in people, the Food and Drug Administration has begun a major revision of its guidelines for approving new antibiotics for animals and for monitoring the effects of old ones. The goal of the revision is to minimize the emergence of bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics...

Editorial: EPA livestock guidelines need higher standards
August 11, 1999. ...[The Chesapeake Bay] is a fragile body of water requiring constant care, and one of the biggest threats to its health is only now being addressed. That is the waste runoff from factory farms...As The Washington Post noted in a series on the problem last week, the runoff from these farms is devastating to the bay because such waste is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, which encourage algae growth, choke underwater vegetation and rob aquatic life of necessary oxygen. ...the growth of agribusiness has accelerated the flow of waste... Last Friday [the Environmental Protection Agency] issued a draft set of guidelines for livestock factory farms. This is a good step, but the guidelines leave considerable authority to the states, which vary widely in their eagerness to attack the problem. Before the E.P.A. puts its regulations into effect, it should devise a set of minimum standards for phosphorus, nitrogen and other pollutants to which all states must adhere...
http://www.cwn.org/docs/programs/feedlots/nyted.htm

Chicago Tribune
http://chicagotribune.com/news/

Also see: 3/16/98 Editorial calling for stronger Illinois regulations

Iowa monks start crusade to stop nearby 'hog factory'
Sunday, September 20, 1998. By Larry Fruhling, Special to the Tribune. PEOSTA, Iowa -- One hundred thirty years ago, the Irish monks at New Melleray Monastery began raising the graceful Gothic-style limestone church where, to this day, the brothers who carry on New Melleray's traditions gather for daily prayers. ...Now, New Melleray's...monks...find themselves reluctant soldiers in a holy war that they and fellow Catholics have begun waging against a rapidly growing trend in American agriculture--the "hog factory"... ...Last December, the National Catholic Rural Life Conference called for a moratorium on new and expanded confined animal feeding operations, calling them an urgent environmental and social threat...

Also see: Dubuque Telegraph Herald online archive

Dispute grows out of ban on corporate farms
Monday, November 23, 1998. By Judith Graham, Tribune Staff Writer. SIOUX FALLS, S.D. -- Ralph Duxbury can barely contain himself as he talks about the changes in hog farming in South Dakota, where his family has lived for 120 years. The 71-year-old retired farmer clenches his beefy hands and thrusts his large shoulders forward as he heaps scorn on corporations coming into the state, building huge "pig factories" in environmentally sensitive areas and signing on farmers as contract workers. "They're trying to take us over, and farmers are becoming modern-day serfs," he said. "It's what our forefathers came here to escape. It's against everything we stand for."...

Hog glut a recipe for farmers' ruin

Prices plunging below cost of production
Friday, November 27, 1998. By Judith Graham, Tribune Staff Writer. SIOUX FALLS, S.D. -- As hog prices have plummeted to record lows over the last several weeks, farmers across the Midwest have plunged into a state of crisis. Farmers with average-size hog operations are losing $1,000 a day or more, according to several estimates. ...The glut of hogs available for slaughter means packers can pay rock-bottom prices. The result is that the cost of raising and selling hogs -- including feed, labor, buildings, veterinary care and transportation -- exceeds the prices farmers are being paid by $50 to $75 per animal...


Iowa Farmer Today
http://www.iowafarmer.com/hog/mask.htm

Producers not afraid to hide behind masks

Delaware County producer Rick Domeyer began wearing a dust mask after a trip to the doctor revealed years of working with his hogs had taken a toll on his lungs.
1998. By Kevin Blind, Iowa Pork Today. NEW VIENNA -- Until a few years ago, Delaware County producer Rick Domeyer never worried about wearing a mask when working in with his 230-sow farrow-to-finish operation. Then, three years ago, during a trip to the doctor he received some unsettling news. Years of working with hogs in dusty buildings were damaging his lungs, his doctor reported. ... Now, you`ll seldom find Domeyer without a dust mask. He is among a growing number of Iowa pork producers wearing respirators to protect their lungs from dust and gases in their hog buildings.... Dust and manure gases commonly associated with raising livestock have been linked to respiratory problems in humans after long-term exposure.

Kelley Donham, director of the University of Iowa`s Institute for Rural and Environmental Health in Iowa City, says 25 percent of Iowa`s pork producers suffer from chronic bronchitis. "Another 25 percent suffer from what I call non-allergic occupational asthma," he says....


The Wall Street Journal
http://www.wsj.com
Town Welcomes Pigs; Pigs Outstay Welcome
November 28, 1997, page B-1. By Jim Carlton, Staff Reporter of the WSJ. MILFORD, Utah -- This is a tale of how one small town thought it was headed for hog heaven and ended up with a pig in a poke. Actually, Milford will end up with something like 1.2 million pigs. Five years ago, this high desert outpost,eager for some 400 promised jobs, invited Circle Four Farms to set up what will be the world's largest hog operation. Now Milford is chock full of pigs and awash with problems. A hog manure spill has raised fears of contaminated ground water.... And Milford, once renowned for its pristine, sage-scented desert air, is in fact becoming famous for something else...
Regulation of Corporate Hog Farms Emerges as Key Issue in Heartland
October 28, 1998. By BRUCE INGERSOLL, Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL. HEARTSTRONG, Colo. -- Pig politics has become big politics in Tuesday's elections. From Kentucky to Wyoming, rural activists are banding together with environmental groups to bring hog factories under tighter regulation and to halt the industry's westward migration. In congressional and gubernatorial races throughout the American heartland, at least 20 candidates are running hard on planks to curb corporate farming. And industry is fighting back...
http://interactive.wsj.com/articles/SB90953382419239000.htm SUBSCRIPTION REQUIRED

The Ottowa Herald,Ottowa, Kansas
http://www.ottawaherald.com

Editorial: Mega hog farms an Eastern Kansas issue too?
October 31,1997. Murphy Family Farms is seeking state approval to build a new 14,300-head confined pig operation in [Kansas].

http://www.ottawaherald.com/ottawa/herald_opinion/hogs.html


The Hutchinson News, Hutchinson, Kansas
http://www.hutchnews.com

Market stalls Murphy plan for hog farms

October 8, 1998. By Mary Clarkin. Murphy Family Farms, the largest pork producer in the nation, has put on hold its controversial plans to create two large hog farms in western Kansas. Citizens who mounted organized efforts to block the hog operations don't appear to be responsible for the company's decision to go into a holding pattern. Rather, a crippled hog market prompted Murphy and other producers to react to rising hog numbers and sinking hog prices...
http://www.hutchnews.com/thursday/local2.htm

The Topeka Capital-Journal, Topeka, Kansas
http://www.cjonline.com

State's high court to consider corporate hog farming case
January 23, 2000. When some residents heard of plans to bring large-scale corporate hog farming to Hodgeman County, they formed a group they called FACT, standing for Families Against Corporate Takeover. The group has between 20 and 30 active members -- and a lawyer. That lawyer sued the state Department of Health and Environment and its secretary after the agency issued a permit that a North Carolina corporation needed to start a giant hog farm. Now the state Supreme Court is being asked to determine whether Kansas law allows FACT to file such a lawsuit...
http://cjonline.com/stories/012300/kan_hogfarmcase.shtml

Sierra Club
http://www.sierraclub.org

Enforcing Water Laws
October 1997, The Planet, Volume 4, Number 8. Corporate farms housing thousands of hogs pose a new threat to water quality in the Midwest and South as the pork industry makes efforts to expand into opening markets in east Asia.

http://www.sierraclub.org:80/planet/199710/water.html

Sierra Club calls for moratorium on health-threatening livestock factories
June 8, 1998. WASHINGTON, DC -- Sierra Club today called for a national moratorium on any new corporate-controlled livestock factories. These giant operations -- where tens of thousands of animals are 'produced' in factory settings -- are polluting America's water and air, and the Sierra Club calls for a halt on the construction of any more of these operations until national standards are in place to prevent further damage to public health...

http://www.farmweb.org/b/199806_sierra.htm

Sierra Club calls pork bailout a classic case of corporate welfare
November 25, 1998. Washington, DC -- Today the Sierra Club denounced the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) announcement that the agency intends to buy $50 million worth of pork, as a classic case of corporate welfare. "Corporate hogs are feeding at the public trough," declared Ken Midkiff, Director of the Missouri Sierra Club. "It is shameful that the USDA and other government agencies give giant agribusiness corporations millions and millions of taxpayer dollars that result in a market glut of hogs, and then invest many millions more to bail them out."...

HTTP://LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG/SCRIPTS/WA.EXE?A2=ind9811d&L=ce-scnews-releases&F=&S=&P=234

EPA files massive pollution lawsuit against PSF
Suit cites longstanding and ongoing violations of federal Clean Water Act
July 23, 1999. Today, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the US Department of Justice filed a Motion to Intervene in a suit filed by a group of farmers and rural residents in northern Missouri against Premium Standard Farms (PSF). The government suit joins these local citizens in working to stop the massive air and water pollution from this facility and accuses the company of longstanding and ongoing violations of the federal Clean Water Act. Fines and penalties could mount into millions of dollars...
http://www.farmweb.org/b/19990723_mo_psf.htm

Corporate hogs at the public trough
How your tax dollars help bring polluters into your neighborhood
September 15, 1999. The Sierra Club today released a national report that reveals the enormous taxpayer giveaways benefiting concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), and the costs citizens pay in return - polluted air and water, a major public health hazard, and the loss of family farms....
http://www.sierraclub.org/cafos/report99/

After hurricane floods, EPA needs to ban open-air cesspools and raise public health protections
September 20, 1999. In the aftermath of Hurricane Floyd's environmental devastation in North Carolina and Maryland's Eastern Shore, the Sierra Club today called upon the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to prevent massive amounts of animal waste from entering rivers by banning "lagoons" - the giant cesspools used to store animal waste - and prohibiting the construction of factory farms in floodplains...
http://LISTS.SIERRACLUB.ORG/SCRIPTS/WA.EXE?A2=ind9909&L=ce-scnews-releases&F=&S=&P=1367

The Telegraph Herald, Dubuque, Iowa
http://www.THonline.com/th/news/archpage.htm

Telegraph Herald Online Search
This is a very extensive news archive.
Try searchs for: hogs; DeCoster; Humboldt; New Melleray Abbey.

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/archpage.htm

Cause of manure spill probed
September 13, 1997. PEORIA (AP)- A state inspector found evidence that 800,000 gallons of hog waste may have spilled out of a storage lagoon through a man-made channel - and that it was not the first such spill at the Hancock County farm.

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/091397/illinois/75410.htm
Few regulations control runoff
September 22, 1997.WASHINGTON - Few national rules control the pollution that runs off farms nationwide - pollution suspected in the outbreak of a mysterious fish-killing microbe in Maryland and currently the most widespread source of contamination in America's rivers. Only the largest livestock operations, holding thousands of animals in pens, require permits from the Environmental Protection Agency for the storage of manure. And although 16 states require other, smaller farms to adhere to plans on how to manage manure and fertilizers, most states have purely voluntary programs.

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/092297/national/76008.htm
200 discuss proposed hog facility
October 11, 1997. APPLE RIVER, Ill. - Foes and proponents of a major hog farming operation planned for northern Jo Davies County received what amounted to a seminar on future pork production.

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/101197/front/79050.htm
Harkin bill would limit application of manure

Proposal: Wastes not applied to ground would require treatment
October 29, 1997. DES MOINES (AP) -Big hog lot operators would face new restrictions on application of manure under a measure formally introduced Tuesday by Sen. Tom Harkin...."Promoting wise use of manure - a valuable resource for farmers - for crop nutrients is the guiding principle," Harkin said....Critics argue that so much manure is produced that farmland often gets saturated and manure runs off into water supplies. Many of the spills which have gotten wide attention have occurred in that fashion.

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/102997/iowa/81174.htm
Scrutiny increases on hog lots
November 24, 1997....The issues break along two controversies: odor and pollution. In the background is a third fight on whether it is good or bad that competition from the larger operator is putting pressure on the smaller ones...

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/112497/iowa/84733.htm
USDA to purchase $50 million worth of pork
Assisting producers: Ag secretary said the move should bolster prices
November 23, 1998. WASHINGTON (AP) - Just days after the nation's hog farmers said falling prices were devastating their business, the government agreed Monday to buy $50 million worth of pork. "Pork producers are experiencing more than a 50 percent decrease in hog prices from last year," Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman said in a statement. "This purchase is the latest in a series of steps the Clinton administration has taken to assist pork producers in these difficult economic times." ...

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/112498/national/133631.htm

Also see: Sierra Club calls pork bailout corporate welfare

Report calls for freeze on factory farm construction
Upgrades: Chicken farms are not covered under environmental laws
December 4, 1998. DES MOINES (AP) - State laws regulating giant hog facilities are woefully inadequate and a moratorium should be slapped on new construction until "standards are upgraded," said a report issued Thursday. "There's nothing inevitable about factory-style agriculture," said Linda Applegate, of the Iowa Environmental Council, one of the groups sponsoring the report...

http://www.THonline.com/th/news/120498/iowa/135029.htm

The Des Moines Register, Des Moines, Iowa
http://www.dmregister.com
New fear from hog lots: Odor may spread illness

Evidence mounts that neighbors are at risk
October 25, 1998. By PERRY BEEMAN. Iowans have complained for years about water pollution and odors from large hog confinements, but now they have a new concern: Air pollution from the big hog houses is suspected of making people sick. Potentially deadly gases and cough-inducing dusts rise from manure and from the hogs themselves, researchers say. Studies in eight countries have shown that confinement workers often get sick when those pollutants are around. Now, neighbors of confinement sites have reported similar symptoms in groundbreaking research by the University of Iowa...
Research set on livestock pollution

Next year a health agency will look at water contamination near hog and poultry operations.
October 26, 1998. By PERRY BEEMAN. Federal officials plan an important study next year to determine the threat of large-scale livestock production on Iowa's water supplies. Tests for water pollution near hog and poultry operations in Iowa and Ohio are planned in January by the Center for Environmental Health, an arm of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigators will look for dozens of contaminants at randomly selected sites, said Carol Rubin, chief of the center's environmental exposures and health effects section. Rubin said some of the planned tests haven't been done before...
Groups target hog confinements

A new report blasts states' records on preventing pollution from livestock operations.
December 4, 1998. By PERRY BEEMAN. Owners of large livestock confinement operations shouldn't be able to build or expand buildings until the federal government can set stronger controls over them, environmental groups said Thursday...
New hog contract hiding red ink

Contracts masking huge losses for farmers
December 6, 1998. By ANNE FITZGERALD. A relatively new type of hog-marketing contract that has helped preserve the cash flow of many Iowa pork producers has a hook that could prove disastrous to more than farmers. Some meatpackers, as well as anyone who signed a contract as a guarantor for a farmer, could face huge losses, along with the farmer, unless hog prices return to normal levels soon, experts warned last week. ...Known as ledger contracts, they work like this...
$50 million for hog aid, Gore says
January 9, 1999. By GEORGE ANTHAN. Vice President Al Gore announced Friday a modest, but precedent-setting, $50 million in direct cash payments to financially stricken pork producers. The amount would provide an average of about $830 each to the estimated 60,000 smaller-scale, independent hog farmers, most of whom are facing disastrous losses from record-low hog prices. But the administration's move may give a major boost to efforts in Congress to pass an emergency aid bill totaling $1 billion. Gore indicated the assistance would go to family farmers, but agriculture department officials said they were still working on how the money will be distributed... Gore also said the administration will spend an additional $80 million to accelerate a voluntary program under which producers with herds infected by the hog disease pseudorabies receive federal payments when the animals are killed... John Whitaker, president of the Iowa Farmers Union, said... "Let"s face it, the $50 million isn"t going to go very far,...In my opinion, we need $500 million just to stop the bleeding."
Study: Earthen lagoons a danger
Manure leakage is predicted to pollute Iowa's groundwater.
January 29, 1999. By MIKE GLOVER. Des Moines, IA - More than 70 percent of the earthen manure lagoons covered in a new study are leaking faster than Iowa standards allow, and pollution of groundwater is "unavoidable," according to a report commissioned by the Legislature. The report paints a troubling picture of the lagoons, which generally are associated with giant hog lots. ... The report said, basically, that earthen manure lagoons leak, and when they are dug to depths of 15 to 20 feet they probably leak into groundwater because of an analysis of groundwater in the regions where lagoons are located. ... Worse, the study said, lagoons examined were built in accordance with state standards. The report noted that permits have been issued for 639 earthen manure lagoons, and raised questions about their location...

http://www.dmregister.com/news/stories/c5903220/6705593.html

Pseudorabies takes toll on Iowa farms
The mild weather has helped spread the swine disease.
February 27, 2000. Pseudorabies - a highly infectious swine disease - is on the rise in Iowa, forcing hog producers to vaccinate tens of thousands of hogs and putting at risk a 10-year goal of eradicating the disease. Pseudorabies is extremely contagious. It also can infect cattle, horses, dogs, cats, sheep and goats. The virus that causes the disease has never been detected in humans, and meat from infected livestock is safe to eat. Also known as Aujeszky's disease, pseudorabies has no relation to the disease rabies...
http://www.FarmingIOWA.com/stories/c4789013/10620697.html

Hog-industry concentration assessed
February 27, 2000. Washington, D. C. - A team of Purdue University economists testified recently [before the Senate Agriculture Committee] that they have developed a mathematical test for concentration in the hog industry...
http://www.FarmingIOWA.com/stories/c4789013/10610176.html

Full-text of Purdue testimony: http://agriculture.senate.gov/Hearings/2000_Hearing/paa0021.htm

USDA to hold pork checkoff referendum
Glickman gives producers a chance to kill a program that pays for research and promotion.
February 29, 2000. Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman has ordered that the U.S. Agriculture Department schedule - and pay for - a referendum on whether to continue the controversial pork checkoff...
http://www.FarmingIOWA.com/stories/c4789013/10637644.html

Agriculture secretary fears farmers face 'feudal' future
March 26, 2000. U.S. Agriculture Secretary Dan Glickman worries that the American farmer is being pushed into a "feudal-type situation" under which independent producers will be forced to buy from and sell to "the lords of the manor." Glickman is concerned that large global agribusiness companies "are concentrating more and more power in fewer and fewer hands." They represent "a serious obstacle to small farmers and ranchers trying to get a fair shake in the marketplace..."
http://www.FarmingIOWA.com/stories/c4789013/10877244.html

Also see: 12/20/1999: The New Culture of Rural America

A decline in farmers transforms Iowa
March 26, 2000. ...The number of farms in Iowa has dropped to 91,000 - fewer than half the number in 1950. The change in farming mirrors the reality of almost every other type of industry. Banks are merging. Insurance companies are growing ever larger. Newspapers are controlled by fewer companies...
http://www.FarmingIOWA.com/stories/c4789013/10877221.html


French Creek (NE Iowa) Hog Confinement Reports
Ongoing updates since Sept. 1998. Tucked away in a small valley in northeast Iowa is a little piece of Heaven....this page contains, in chronological order, developments related to the Murphy Family Farms hog confinement threatening French Creek, the best trout stream in Iowa...
http://www.commonlink.com/hffa/News_Flash/French-Creek-page.html

Sen Harkin
http://www.senate.gov/~harkin
(202)224-3254 -- phone       (202)224-9369 -- fax
United States Senate, Washington, DC 20510-2202
tom_harkin@harkin.senate.gov

S.1323, SPONSOR: Sen Harkin
(introduced 10/28/97) A bill to regulate concentrated animal feeding operations for the protection of the environment and public health, and for other purposes.

http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d105:s.01323:
ANIMAL WASTE POLLUTION IN AMERICA:

AN EMERGING NATIONAL PROBLEM
Environmental Risks Of Livestock & Poultry Production
December 1997. Report Compiled by the Minority Staff of the United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, & Forestry for Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA), Ranking Member

http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/animalw.htm

Hearing in Washington, DC
April 2, 1998. A hearing to examine legislation introduced by Sen. Harkin (S.1323) in October that would set minimum national standards for the environmentally sound management of animal waste.
http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/hea98402.htm

Testimony of Mr. C. Dewey Botts, Director, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, Raleigh, NC
http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/botts.htm


Testimony of Ms. Michelle Nowlin, Attorney, Southern Environmental Law Center, Chapel Hill, NC
http://www.senate.gov/~agriculture/nowlin.htm

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch
http://www.postnet.com/
Judge orders hog farm to close, pay damages
November 2, 1998. SEDALIA, Mo. (AP) -- A judge has ordered a Pettis County hog farm to close and awarded more than $100,000 in damages to its neighbors. Judge George Thompson said the farm, on about 40 acres near La Monte, was a public nuisance and had been built too close to its neighbors. The judgment came in a lawsuit filed in the summer of 1996 by Michael and Robin Blackburn and Earle and Mary Miller. They had sued the owners, Edward and Bonnie Byler, and Cargill Inc., which supplied and owned the hogs on the farms...
Company hog farm owes neighbors $5.2 million, jury rules
May 1, 1999. After more than a week of deliberation, a St. Louis jury decided Friday that the nation's third-largest pork producer owes $5.2 million to more than 50 neighbors of company hog farms in northwestern Missouri. Jurors awarded $100,000 each to 52 people living near four hog farms owned by Continental Grain Co...

Also see press release from:
Missouri Sierra Club, CLEAN, and Family Farms for the Future
http://www.farmweb.org/b/19990430_mo.htm

Sierra Club sues Murphy Farms for alleged environmental violations
January 29, 2000. JEFFERSON CITY - The national Sierra Club announced Friday that it intends to sue Murphy Family Farms over alleged water-pollution problems at its Missouri hog-farming operations. The environmental group charges that manure from the company's large hog operations in western Missouri has sullied neighboring streams, violating federal clean water laws...
http://www.postnet.com/postnet/stories.nsf/ByDocID/F363B064EEC2AE1286256875003FCFAB

Also see: Sierra Club press release
http://www.farmweb.org/b/20000128_mo_murphy.htm


The News & Observer, North Carolina
http://www.news-observer.com/

Boss Hog
1995. Pulitzer prize-winning series on NC hog industry.

http://www.nando.net/sproject/hogs/hoghome.html

http://www.pulitzer.org/year/1996/public-service/works/ Pulitzer website

Boss Hog's new frontier
August 3, 1997. Using practical and political lessons learned here, N.C. pork producers are building a vast new farm in Utah.

http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1997/08/03/topstory.html
Editorial:Swine time
August 6, 1997. While North Carolina's hog kings seek Utah's horizons, here at home the public awaits meaningful regulation from the legislature. It is a pivotal moment for the environment.

http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1997/08/06/edit00.html

Heavy rains show hog lagoons at worst, critics say
February 7, 1998. By James Eli Shiffer, Staff Writer. The day before rain engulfed North Carolina's coastal plain, several dozen swine farmers were spraying fountains of hog waste onto saturated fields, almost ensuring that the downpour to come would wash the muck into the Neuse River....North Carolina's solution could influence the national debate over industrial-scale hog farming. A national standard could prevent the industry from simply moving into states with less regulation...

http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/02/07/nc03.html

Editorial: Buying time on hogs
August 6, 1998. ...the industry's growth must not come at such high cost to our natural resources, our lucrative tourist industry, and the physical and mental well-being of people who face the loss of full enjoyment of their own homes and land. The best way to prevent even more such loss and damage is early legislative extension of the hog farm moratorium.

Airborne menace

Hog farms pose risks of waste spills and runoff, but that's not all. The ammonia rising from lagoons could be even more hazardous.
July 5, 1998. ...For more than four years, factory hog farms have come under scrutiny for waste spills, noxious odors and contamination of streams and water wells. This environmental threat became clear in 1995 -- just days before the Fourth of July weekend -- when a hog waste lagoon in Onslow County broke open and dumped more than 22 million gallons of waste into the New River. But if current estimates are correct, that spill might be a blip compared to the combined pollution that drifts upward daily from the state's 2,400 large hog farms, only to return to the ground by rain and wind. According to the N.C. Division of Air Quality, hog farms collectively discharge at least 186 tons of ammonia into the air every day -- about six times the nitrogen-rich waste that was dumped into the New River three years ago...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/07/05/nc00.html

Extension of hog curbs clears House

Environmental officials also freeze the number of hogs that can be slaughtered at a huge plant in Bladen County.
September 24, 1998. Wary of swine farming's threat to waterways and rural areas, state leaders moved on two fronts Wednesday to halt the expansion of North Carolina's hog population. The Republican-controlled state House voted 83-17 to extend the moratorium on new hog operations by six months to September 1999. The bill now moves to the Senate, where leaders have yet to take a stand on the issue. Also Wednesday, state environmental officials froze the number of hogs that can be slaughtered each week at the world's largest pork processing plant, located in Bladen County...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/09/24/nc06.html

Editorial: Urgent on hogs

North Carolina could find itself facing a new and unnecessary threat of pollution from large hog farms if legislators fail to act before this session adjourns to extend a ban on the farms' growth.
October 7, 1998. What a surprising and disturbing twist it would be if Democrats in the state Senate, who like to think of themselves as environmentally enlightened, were to kill a bill with enormous implications for North Carolina's ability to safely accommodate its huge hog industry. But unless Senate President Pro Tem Marc Basnight and his colleagues come to their senses, that could be what's in store.
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/10/07/edit00.html

Senate extends hog curbs
October 9, 1998. The state Senate, feeling public heat to keep a lid on corporate hog operations, Thursday approved a six-month extension of the moratorium on new and expanded hog farms. The measure, which Gov. Jim Hunt is expected to sign into law, extends the moratorium until Sept. 1, 1999, to give researchers time to develop new methods of controlling odor and handling hog waste -- problems related to corporate hog farms. The moratorium was to expire March 1...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/10/09/nc01.html

Also see: September 24th article on House vote.

Don't waste the hog moratorium
October 16, 1998. By Tim Valentine. NASHVILLE -- The General Assembly, with the full backing of Governor Hunt, has extended the moratorium on new and expanded hog farms until the fall of 1999.... But the greater tasks are ahead -- bringing the industry to the table, developing a plan for phasing out existing waste pits and spray fields and mandating environmentally friendly hog waste disposal systems.... North Carolinians should...demand that while this moratorium is in place the hog industry address the issues and change the way it does business...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/10/16/edit02.html

Hog farms to cut herds

Murphy Family Farms and Carroll's Foods will trim breeding herds, which may cut production by almost 500,000 hogs a year.
December 17, 1998. By Bob Williams. Faced with the lowest hog prices since World War II, the country's two largest pork production companies are cutting their breeding herds... The cutbacks mark the first significant retrenching by the two Tar Heel pork giants since North Carolina's hog boom began in the early 1990s... Hog prices have been in a free fall in recent months, dropping so low that corporate pork producers say they are losing $50 to $75 on each hog they send to market. Hog prices have tumbled more than 70 percent since September and more than 30 percent this month alone. The low prices are being blamed on an unprecedented surplus of market-ready hogs, which is in no small part due to relentless expansion during the past few years by the big companies like Murphy and Carroll's...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1998/12/17/biz00.html

Murphy Farms seeks factory-style permit
December 17, 1998. WILMINGTON -- Murphy Farms Inc. has complied with a federal judge's order and applied for a factory-style discharge permit at a Sampson County hog farm with a history of pollution problems. It is the first time a livestock operation in North Carolina has filed for a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/01/07/nc06.html (scroll to end of page)

Editorial: Lagoon leftovers
January 7, 1999. Because of slack regulation, North Carolina has several hundred animal waste lagoons that have been abandoned without being cleaned up. The General Assembly should act to guarantee public safety...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/01/07/edit00.html

Huge hog interests uniting

Smithfield Foods, the nation's leading pork processor, is acquiring Carroll's Foods in a deal that also will make the company the nation's largest hog producer.
February 26, 1999. By BOB WILLIAMS, Staff Writer. There is about to be a new leader in North Carolina's booming pork industry. Smithfield Foods, the Virginia-based pork processor primarily responsible for the explosive growth of hog production in the Tar Heel State, says it is buying Carroll's Foods Inc., a Duplin County pig and poultry producer, in a cash and stock deal valued at $500 million. The combination will create the largest hog production company in the country, an agricultural behemoth raising and processing millions of pigs a year at farms and slaughterhouses scattered from North Carolina to Utah... "This deal creates a company that will make money no matter what is happening with hog prices," said George Shipp, an analyst with Scott & Stringfellow in Richmond, Va. "If prices go up, Carroll's and Smithfield's hog production businesses will make a lot of money. If prices go down, the processing side of the business will make a lot of money."...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/02/26/nc01.html

Editorial: From squeal to meal

Smithfield Foods' purchase of Carroll's Foods of Duplin County makes it the largest hog enterprise in the nation. The company should now focus on becoming a better environmental neighbor.
February 28, 1999. If Smithfield had a better environmental record, such a vast expansion of its power might not be so worrisome. But that is hardly the case. Smithfield holds the record -- at $12.6 million -- for the heaviest fine in the history of the federal Clean Water Act for its pollution of Virginia's Pagan River...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/02/28/edit00.html

Editorial: Buying time on hogs
April 26, 1999. The two-year moratorium on new or expanded hog farms has yet to result in clearly workable alternatives to the 3,000 waste lagoons that dot Eastern North Carolina...With new disposal technology not widely in use and with the hog industry still reeling from bad markets, this is hardly the time for North Carolina to allow even more hogs and their waste into the state. A proposal by the state House Democratic leadership to extend the moratorium by another two years, starting this fall, is the only prudent course...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/04/26/edit01.html

State researchers link hog farms to health problems
May 8, 1999. State health director Dennis McBride has long argued that the smells and fumes coming from hog farms aren't just noxious, they are hazardous to people's health. Now he says he has scientific evidence to bolster his views...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/05/08/nc10.html

Press Release - NC Department of Health and Human Services
Industrial Hog Operations Emissions Study Released, May 7, 1999
http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/pressrel/5-7-99.htm

For copies of the UNC-SPH (School of Public Health) report, contact the Department of Health and Human Services at (919) 733-9190, or look on the Internet at:
http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/docs/ilo.pdf

(This document is in Adobe Acrobat format. Download the Adobe Acrobat Reader free at http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html.)

Murphy to sell his farms to Smithfield
Announcement of the sale of Murphy Family Farms will be made today to employees and contractors.
September 2, 1999. Wendell H. Murphy signed a letter of intent Wednesday to sell his 37-year-old Murphy Family Farms to Smithfield Foods, one of the world's largest pork processors and hog producers, effective Jan. 1...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/09/02/biz01.html

Hog lagoon break spills 2 million gallons of waste
Overflowing hog waste lagoons and municipal sewage spills add environmental problems to the disastrous flooding in Eastern North Carolina.
September 17, 1999. The tremendous flooding from Hurricane Floyd did more than strand homeowners, soak carpets and wash out roads in Eastern North Carolina. It spurred an environmental calamity. In Duplin County, 2 million gallons of hog waste spilled when a lagoon ruptured at Lanier Farm in Rose Hill and flowed into a tributary of the Northeast Cape Fear River. Two other hog lagoons -- one in Sampson County and one in Pitt County -- overflowed because of heavy rain...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/09/17/nc03.html

'Awesome mess' for environment
September 18, 1999. Beyond its toll in human lives, misery and property damage, the flooding of Floyd has plunged Eastern North Carolina into an unprecedented environmental catastrophe. Surging rivers are carrying a stew of sewage, urban runoff, farm chemicals, silt and debris. At least 10 swine-waste lagoons have flooded or burst...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/09/18/nc00_side1.html

Livestock deaths spur health worries
At least 100,000 swine and 1 million chickens and turkeys have either starved or drowned, and public health officials are concerned carcasses could spread disease if they are not disposed of soon.
September 19, 1999. Thousands of hog and poultry carcasses, animal waste from flooded farms and oil slicks from washed out junkyards and warehouses are polluting Eastern North Carolina, raising concerns about disease and drinking water safety...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/09/19/nc00.html

Water, filth ignore community's gates
September 22, 1999. WALLACE -- River Landings, a gated community built by hog-farm tycoon Wendell Murphy, was flooded last week by water from the Northeast Cape Fear River and hog waste from nearby farms, according to residents...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/09/22/nc09.html

Hog loss won't hinder Murphy company sale
September 22, 1999. Flooding from Hurricane Floyd may have drowned an estimated 100,000 hogs in Eastern North Carolina, but it hasn't derailed the sale of Murphy Family Farms...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/09/22/nc09_side1.html

Judge upholds hog order
The halt in the stepped-up spraying of hog waste will remain, a Wake judge rules.
December 17, 1999. A judge in Wake County Superior Court handed pork producers and state environmental regulators another setback in their squabble with environmentalists over the spraying of swine waste in Eastern North Carolina...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/1999/12/17/nc02.html

Hurricane Floyd archive http://www.news-observer.com/nc/floyd/

Smithfield completes Murphy Farms deal
January 29, 2000. ROSE HILL -- Smithfield Foods, the world's largest hog producer and processor, said Friday that it has completed its acquisition of No. 2 producer Murphy Family Farms of Rose Hill... The state of Iowa had attempted to stop the merger. A judge issued a temporary injunction late Monday to block the sale of Murphy Family Farms' assets in Iowa to Smithfield Foods, contending it would violate a state law barring meat processors from owning, controlling or operating a feedlot in Iowa... Rather than fight a legal battle and hold up the deal, Murphy Family Farms sold its Iowa assets...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/2000/01/29/biz06.html

Also see: Sierra Club sues Murphy Farms for alleged environmental violations

State panel takes first steps to oust hog lagoons
February 11, 2000. The Environmental Management Commission has taken the first step to phase out hog lagoons in North Carolina, beginning the lengthy rule-making process that could require farmers to switch to other waste disposal methods. Michael Shore of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources...said the commission should consider "how to craft rules to help make the swine industry sustainable in North Carolina." That brought a swift response from commission member Robert Epting of Chapel Hill. "It is not the duty of this commission to make rules that would make the swine industry sustainable," Epting said. "It is the duty of this commission to protect the air and water resources of this state..."
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/2000/02/11/nc05.html

Hog farms spill sewage as state talks tough
State officials threaten to fine or even shut down farms that continue polluting streams and rivers
February 12, 2000. Melting snow and frozen fields have worsened a wastewater crisis for livestock farmers and small towns, but state environmental regulators say they'll punish anyone who lets sewage wash into rivers. This week, two swine farms whose sewage ponds came close to overflowing have shipped out some of their pigs, ahead of a five-day deadline for livestock operations to empty their waste lagoons to safe levels or move their animals. The state Division of Water Quality has ordered eight other farms, from Orange County to the heart of hog country Down East, to stop spilling sewage into saturated fields or creeks...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/2000/02/12/nc00.html

Pfiesteria not necessarily greater risk, botanist says
March 12, 2000. Pfiesteria piscicida's newly identified cousin can also kill fish and sicken humans, but it doesn't appear to represent an increased threat to the public, a leading expert from N.C. State University said Saturday...
http://www.news-observer.com/daily/2000/03/12/nc05.html

Hog-waste accord reached
Smithfield Foods will help pay for efforts to find alternatives to hog-waste lagoons.
July 26, 2000. State Attorney General Mike Easley and officials with Smithfield Foods, the state's largest hog producer, announced an agreement Tuesday that calls for the phasing out of the hog lagoons on company-owned farms and provides $65 million to research alternatives and to clean up the environment...